Infection:
Hunter K, Gault R, Jordan F, “Mode of Action of B-Glucan Immunopotentiators-Research Summary Release,” Department of Microbiology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Jan 2001.
Direct Quote: Glucan has been shown to enhance the envelopment and digestion (phagocytosis) of pathogenic microorganisms that cause infectious disease…Laboratory studies have revealed the new MG Glucan is significantly effective at activating Macrophages, and via the Macrophages, the entire immune cascade including T-Cells and B-Cells.”
Infection - Intrauterine:
Singh U, Nicholson G, et al; "Immunological properties of human decidual macrophages - a possible role in intrauterine immunity," Reproduction;129(5):631-7, Nuffield Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, U of Oxford, UK; May 2005.
Direct Quote: "These results suggest a role for decidual (uterine mucous wall) macrophages in pathogen recognition and clearance during pregnancy, and, therefore, they are likely to protect the fetus against intrauterine infections which might otherwise lead to preterm labour." Note: Beta 1,3/1,6-d glucan potentiates the macrophage immune cells and is referenced in the complete study.
Infections - Secondary:
Gu YH, Takagi Y, et al; "Enhancement of radioprotection and anti-tumor immunity by yeast-derived beta-glucan in mice," J Med Food. 8(2) 154-8; Dept of Radiological Technology, Suzuka U of Med Sc, Suzuka, Japan, Summer 2005.
Direct Quote: "Intraperitoneal injection of beta-glucan was shown to greatly delay mortality in mice exposed to whole-body X-ray radiation and tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. ...Augmented immunological activity as seen in increased NK (natural killer) and LAK (lymphokine-activated killer) activity by beta-glucan seems to play a role in preventing secondary infections associated with irradiation and probably contributes to the attenuated [reduced] tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice through enhanced anti-tumour immunity. These results suggest that beta-glucan may be a promising adjunct treatment for cancer patients receiving radiotherapy."
Infections: General:
Jamas S, Easson D, Ostroff G: "Underivatilized aqueous soluble beta (1,3) glucan, composition and method of making same." U.S. Patent Application 20020032170, March 14, 2002.
Direct Quote: "The use of soluble and insoluble beta glucans alone or as vaccine adjuvants for viral and bacterial antigens has been shown in animal models to markedly increase resistance to a variety of bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections."
Infection – Abdominal:
Bowers GJ, Patchen ML, et al, “Glucan enhances survival in an intraabdominal infection model,” J Surg Res 47(2): 183-188; Aug 1989
Infection-M bovis,BCG:
Hetland G, Wiker H, “Protective effect of beta-glucan against mycobacterium bovis, BCG infection in BALB/c mice.” Scand J Immunol, 47:6, 548-53, Jun 1998.
Direct Quote: “Beta 1,3-glucan is a potent stimulator of macrophage functions and has a protective effect against a range of infections in rodent models.”
Infection - Escherichia coli :
Onderdonk, A.B., et al., “Anti-Infective Effect of Poly-.beta.1-6 -Glucotrisyl-.beta.1-3-Glucopyranose Glucan In Vivo,” Infec. Immun.; 60:1642-1647. 1992. Dept of Pathology, Channing Lab, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA.
Direct Quote: “Mice challenged with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus were protected against lethal peritonitis by the intravenous administration of 10 micrograms of poly-beta 1-6-glucotriosyl-beta 1-3-glucopyranose (PGG) glucan per animal 4 to 6 h prior to bacterial challenge.”
Browder IW.,et al., “Protective Effect of Nonspecific Immunostimulation in Post Splenectomy Sepis”. J. Surg. Res.; 35: 474-479. Dept of Surg and Physiol, Tulane U Sch of Med, LA. 1983.
Direct Quote: “This study reports the use of glucan, a beta-1,3-polyclucose, as a nonspecific immunostimulant for postsplenectomy pneumococcal sepsis. …Nonspecific immunostimulation appears to have significant potential as a treatment strategy against postsplenectomy infection.”
Maurici da Rocha e Silva et al; “Infection Prevention in Patients with Severe Multiple Trauma with the Immunomodulater Beta 1-3 Polyglucose (glucan);” Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics; 177:383-388. 1993.
Direct Quote: “The incidence of hospital pneumonia of 55% and sepsis of 35% confirms results of previous studies of patients with multitrauma. Glucan decreased pneumonia and sepsis to a significantly lower level of 9.5%….The mortality rate related to infection decreased from 30.0 to 4.8%. The lower number of instances of pneumonia and sepsis….decreased the period of time in the intensive care and the hospital, with a global reduction of 40% on hospital cost.”
Infection - Staphylococcus Aureus :
DiLuzio N.R., Williams DL; “Enhancement of host susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection by chronic ethanol ingestion—modification by glucan immunostimulation,” Alcohol Clin Exp Res 4(3): 254-260. Jul 1980.
Direct Quote: “The administration of glucan significantly prolonged survival of S. Aureus infected control and chronic ethanol mice.”
Kimura A., et al., “In Vitro Activation of Human Adherent Cells by a Glucan, Schizophyllan”. J. Reticuloendothel.; Soc. 34: 1-11. 1983.
Direct Quote: “…Glucan-treated rats had significantly increased rates of phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus immediately after infection…”
DiLuzio N.R. and Williams D.L., “Glucan-Induced Modification of the Increases Susceptibility of Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice to Staphylococcus aureus Infection”. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.; 6: 73-79. 1979.
DiLuzio N.R., Williams D.L., et al, “Comparative tumor-inhibotory and anti-bacterial activity of soluble and particulate glucan,” Int J Cancer, 24(6):773-779. Dec 1979.
Direct Quote: “…these studies demonstrate that a soluble glucan preparation exhibits significant anti-tumor and anti-staphylococcal activity.”
Dernodle D, Gates H, Kaiser A, “Prophylactic anti-infective activity of poly-[1,6]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-[1,3]-beta-D-glucopryanose glucan in a guinea pig model of staphylococcal wound infection,” Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42:3,545-9. Mar 1998.
Direct Quote: “…glucan reduces the risk of staphylococcal abscess formation. Neutrophil-activating agents [glucan] are a novel means of prophylaxis against surgical infection and may be less likely than antibiotics to be affected adversely by the increasing antibiotic resistance of nosocomial pathogens.”
I. P.W.A., et al., Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway by Water-Insoluble Glucans of Streptococcus mutans: the Relation Between Their Chemical Structures and Activating Potencies”. Macrophage-Mediated Destruction of Human Malignant Cells In Vitro; Inai et al., J. Immunol (1976); 1256-1260. 1976.
Babineau, et al., “Randomized Phase I/II Trial of a Macrophage-Specific Immunomodulator (PGG-Glucan) in High Risk Surgical Patients”, Annals of Surgery; 220:(5):601-609. 1994. Dept of Surgery, Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical Sch, Boston MA
Direct Quote: “PGG-glucan is safe and appears to be effective in further reduction of the morbidity and cost of major surgery.”
* Kokoshis P.L., Williams D.L., Cook J.A., Di Luzio N.R.; Increased resistance to Staphylococcus aureus infection and enhancement in serum lysozyme activity by glucan. Science 199: 1340-1342, 1978.
Direct Quote: “These studies indicate that glucan confers an enhanced state of host defense against bacterial infections.”
* Rasmussen, LT and Seljelid, R.: “Novel Immunomodulators With Pronounced In Vitro Effects Caused by Stimulation of Cytokine Release”, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry; 46:60-68. Inst of Med Bio, U of Tromso, Norway. 1991.
Direct Quote: “Beta-1,3-D-polyglucose derivatives protect mice against otherwise lethal bacterial infections.”
Glovsky MM, et al,; “Effects of particulate beta-1,3 glucan on human, rat, and guinea pig complement activity,” J. Reticuloendothel Soc. 33:401-413. 1983.
Direct Quote: “Glucan administration is associated with the modification of a variety of experimentally induced infectious disease states as well as the inhibition of growth of implantable and spontaneous tumors.”
Infections – Surgical Procedures:
Norton MD, JA [Prof of Surg, Chief of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery]; “Editorial: Annals of Surgery,” Washington University School of Medicine, Nov 1994.
Direct Quote: “In a prospective, randomized double-blind study, [Babineau, et.al.] demonstrate that the perioperative administration of PGG-glucan, a substance derived from yeast that increases the microbial killing activity of leukocytes, can decrease infectious complications in patients undergoing major surgical procedures…the preliminary results are positive and should be interpreted as good news.”
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